Congenital hydrocephalus refers to an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain's ventricular system that is present at birth or related to developmental abnormalities. It may affect intracranial pressure and, depending on its cause and severity, can influence neurological development. Evaluation may include neurological assessment and appropriate brain imaging, with treatment based on the child's age, symptoms, imaging findings, and underlying cause.

Craniosynostosis occurs when one or more sutures of a baby's skull fuse earlier than expected, which can alter skull growth and head shape. The clinical presentation varies according to the sutures involved and whether there are associated cranial or neurological abnormalities. Evaluation includes examination of head shape and neurological status, with imaging considered when clinically appropriate. Treatment depends on the child's age, suture involvement, head growth, and associated findings.

Pediatric tumors can arise in the brain, spinal cord, or surrounding structures and may present differently depending on their location, size, and biological characteristics. Symptoms may include headaches, vomiting, seizures, changes in movement or coordination, vision changes, or developmental concerns. Evaluation may include neurological assessment and appropriate MRI or other imaging studies. Treatment planning is individualized according to the tumor type and clinical findings.

Developmental and congenital spinal disorders in children can affect the spinal cord, nerves, vertebral structures, or the craniovertebral junction. Conditions may include myelomeningocele, split cord malformation, tethered cord, and developmental anomalies of the craniovertebral junction. Evaluation may include neurological examination and appropriate spinal or craniovertebral imaging. Management depends on the specific condition, symptoms, neurological function, imaging findings, and developmental needs.

Functional neurosurgery in children may be considered for selected neurological disorders in which abnormal muscle tone or movement significantly affects function and daily activities. Cerebral palsy is one condition in which treatment planning may involve assessment of motor function, muscle tone, mobility, and overall functional needs. Management is individualized and may involve a multidisciplinary team.

Treatment depends on the child's neurological and functional assessment. In appropriately selected children with significant spasticity, options may include an Intrathecal Baclofen Pump or Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy. These treatments are considered based on factors such as muscle tone, mobility, functional limitations, neurological findings, and the child's overall treatment goals.